Psychological principles of burn wound pain in children. II: Treatment applications.

The pain involved in acute burn care can be excruciating and intractable. Even the best pharmacologic pain control efforts often fail to adequately control pain, especially procedure-related pain, in pediatric patients with burn injuries. Nonpharmacologic interventions have been found to be effective in reducing pain in both children and adults and can be extremely important adjuvants to standard pharmacologic analgesia in the burn care setting. In the first article in this series, we outlined psychological factors that influence the emotions, cognitions, and behaviors of children during wound care. Building on this theoretical framework, we now present a detailed discussion of the implementation of nonpharmacologic intervention strategies in the burn care setting. Because accurate measurement of discomfort is imperative for the development of interventions and for the evaluation of their efficacy, we begin with a brief review of pain measurement techniques. We follow this with suggestions for tailoring interventions to meet specific patient needs and conclude with a detailed and practical discussion of specific intervention techniques and the implementation of those techniques.