PURPOSE: In a nested case-control study of 140 stomach cancer deaths (1941-1984) among 46,384 automobile workers, we examined risk in relation to lifetime exposure to metalworking fluid (MWF) in machining and grinding operations. METHODS: Exposure was defined during varying windows of biologic time (<10 years before death, 10-20 years before death, and > 20 years before death) and evaluated using a nonparametric smoothing technique and conditional logistic regression. Exposure was measured by duration, intensity (mg/m(3)), and cumulative exposure (mg/m(3)-years) to each MWF type (straight, soluble, or synthetic), as well as by duration of exposure to selected metals, additives, and components of the fluids. RESULTS: When data from three plants were combined, grinding with water-based synthetic or soluble MWF increased the risk of stomach cancer mortality. Those grinding with synthetic MWF with more than 1.3 mg/m(3)-years exposure during the 10 years just prior to death experienced a 4.4-fold risk of stomach cancer (95% CI 1.5-13.1). Increased risk was also observed among those in the highest category of soluble grinding grading exposure (OR 1.9; 85% CI 1.0-3.6). In plant-specific analysis, there was evidence of increased risk of stomach cancer associated with exposure to straight MWF and iron, as well as the water-based fluids. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggest that stomach cancer mortality was associated with exposure to each MWF type. Results suggesting that synthetic MWF may act as a stomach cancer promoter are of particular concern because this MWF is widely used in today's high speed grinding operations.
PURPOSE: In a nested case-control study of 140 stomach cancer deaths (1941-1984) among 46,384 automobile workers, we examined risk in relation to lifetime exposure to metalworking fluid (MWF) in machining and grinding operations. METHODS: Exposure was defined during varying windows of biologic time (<10 years before death, 10-20 years before death, and > 20 years before death) and evaluated using a nonparametric smoothing technique and conditional logistic regression. Exposure was measured by duration, intensity (mg/m(3)), and cumulative exposure (mg/m(3)-years) to each MWF type (straight, soluble, or synthetic), as well as by duration of exposure to selected metals, additives, and components of the fluids. RESULTS: When data from three plants were combined, grinding with water-based synthetic or soluble MWF increased the risk of stomach cancer mortality. Those grinding with synthetic MWF with more than 1.3 mg/m(3)-years exposure during the 10 years just prior to death experienced a 4.4-fold risk of stomach cancer (95% CI 1.5-13.1). Increased risk was also observed among those in the highest category of soluble grinding grading exposure (OR 1.9; 85% CI 1.0-3.6). In plant-specific analysis, there was evidence of increased risk of stomach cancer associated with exposure to straight MWF and iron, as well as the water-based fluids. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggest that stomach cancer mortality was associated with exposure to each MWF type. Results suggesting that synthetic MWF may act as a stomach cancer promoter are of particular concern because this MWF is widely used in today's high speed grinding operations.