Health sector reform and human resources: lessons from the United Kingdom.

The objective of the paper is to assess the human resource (HR) dimension of the National Health Service (NHS) reforms in the United Kingdom, and to highlight lessons for the health systems of countries undergoing reform or restructuring. Health sector reform in many countries in the 1980s and 1990s has focused on structural change, cost containment, the introduction of market mechanisms and consumer choice. This focus has inevitably challenged the ways that health professionals and other staff are employed and deployed. The methods used to manage human resources in health care may also in themselves be a major constraint or facilitator in achieving the objectives of health sector reform. The impact on the HR function of the NHS reforms is assessed in the paper by examining three central requirements of the HR function: to maintain effective staffing levels and skill mix; to establish appropriate employee relations policy and procedures; and to be involved in pay determination. The paper concludes that the most significant changes which have occurred as result of the NHS reforms have been in staffing change and organizational culture, and the individual attitudes of NHS management and staff. Attempts to alter methods of conducting employee relations and determining pay and conditions of employment have been less successful. However, an overall approach to HR management, which would have been unthinkable in the pre-reform NHS, is now accepted, albeit grudgingly by some, as the way forward. In general, the changes in the NHS HR function can be characterized as a partially successful attempt to adopt private sector HR management techniques to meet the challenges of public sector reform.