A Morabia1, M S Bernstein, S Antonini. 1. Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. Alfredo.Morabia@hcuge.ch
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine differences in dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes between female never, former and current smokers. DESIGN: Population-based survey using a validated food frequency questionnaire. SETTING: The Bus Santé 2000, epidemiologic observatory of Geneva, Switzerland. SUBJECTS: 2319 women resident in Geneva, Switzerland between 1993 and 1997. RESULTS: Daily calcium intake was 798 mg among current heavy smokers (>/=20 cigarettes/day), 882 mg among current moderate smokers (1-19 cigarettes/day) and 945 mg among never smokers (P=0.0001). There was a difference of almost 50 mg/day in median calcium intake from cheese (P=0.04), which corresponded to about one-third of the total difference in calcium intake between heavy smokers and never smokers. Of the current heavy smokers, 21% did not eat yogurt compared to 10% of never smokers (P=0.001). Among yogurt eaters, heavy smokers consumed 90 mg/day of calcium from yogurt vs 115 mg/day in never smokers (P=0.003). Smokers ate more butter and cream (P=0.02) or milk (P=0.06) than never smokers, but these were minor sources of calcium. Fish was the main cause of higher intake of vitamin D in never smokers (0.81 microg/day) compared with heavy smokers (0.53 microg/day) and moderate smokers (0.70 microg/day). The diet of ex-smokers after 5 y or more of smoking cessation tended to resemble that of never smokers for calcium (about 900 mg/day) and vitamin D (about 2.55 microg/day). CONCLUSION: Female current smokers have lower dietary intakes of calcium and vitamin D than never smokers. SPONSORSHIP: This study was funded by the Swiss National Fund for Scientific Research (grants 32.31.326.91, 32-37986.93 and 32-49847.96).
OBJECTIVE: To determine differences in dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes between female never, former and current smokers. DESIGN: Population-based survey using a validated food frequency questionnaire. SETTING: The Bus Santé 2000, epidemiologic observatory of Geneva, Switzerland. SUBJECTS: 2319 women resident in Geneva, Switzerland between 1993 and 1997. RESULTS: Daily calcium intake was 798 mg among current heavy smokers (>/=20 cigarettes/day), 882 mg among current moderate smokers (1-19 cigarettes/day) and 945 mg among never smokers (P=0.0001). There was a difference of almost 50 mg/day in median calcium intake from cheese (P=0.04), which corresponded to about one-third of the total difference in calcium intake between heavy smokers and never smokers. Of the current heavy smokers, 21% did not eat yogurt compared to 10% of never smokers (P=0.001). Among yogurt eaters, heavy smokers consumed 90 mg/day of calcium from yogurt vs 115 mg/day in never smokers (P=0.003). Smokers ate more butter and cream (P=0.02) or milk (P=0.06) than never smokers, but these were minor sources of calcium. Fish was the main cause of higher intake of vitamin D in never smokers (0.81 microg/day) compared with heavy smokers (0.53 microg/day) and moderate smokers (0.70 microg/day). The diet of ex-smokers after 5 y or more of smoking cessation tended to resemble that of never smokers for calcium (about 900 mg/day) and vitamin D (about 2.55 microg/day). CONCLUSION: Female current smokers have lower dietary intakes of calcium and vitamin D than never smokers. SPONSORSHIP: This study was funded by the Swiss National Fund for Scientific Research (grants 32.31.326.91, 32-37986.93 and 32-49847.96).
Authors: Ting-Yuan David Cheng; Amy E Millen; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Shirley A A Beresford; Andrea Z LaCroix; Yingye Zheng; Gary E Goodman; Mark D Thornquist; Marian L Neuhouser Journal: J Nutr Date: 2014-03-05 Impact factor: 4.798
Authors: Ting-Yuan David Cheng; Gary E Goodman; Mark D Thornquist; Matt J Barnett; Shirley A A Beresford; Andrea Z LaCroix; Yingye Zheng; Marian L Neuhouser Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2014-03-24 Impact factor: 7.396