Functional studies using antibodies against orphanin FQ/nociceptin.

Orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ) is a recently discovered endogenous ligand for the novel opioid receptor-like receptor (ORL-1). There are numerous reports in the literature demonstrating paradoxical effects of exogenous OFQ on pain modulation. For example, OFQ produces a pronociceptive effect in the brain and an analgesic effect in the spinal cord. In order to better understand the physiological actions of OFQ, the present study focused on the pain-modulatory effect of endogenously released OFQ measured using antibody microinjection techniques. We found that electroacupuncture analgesia (EA) was increased by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of an OFQ-antibody and decreased following intrathecal injection. Furthermore, i.c.v. OFQ-antibody partially reversed tolerance to both chronic morphine and chronic EA. These data suggest that endogenously released OFQ plays an important role in pain modulation, where pain sensitivity in the brain and spinal cord is increased and decreased, respectively.