Silk produced by hornets: thermophotovoltaic properties-a review.

This article deals with the silk weave produced by pupating larvae of the Oriental hornet and its electric properties. Larvae of this hornet commence pupation at approximately 2 weeks of age. Creation of the cocoonal silk weave requires a number of hours and the encased pupa remains in the cocoon for approximately 2 more weeks before ecloding as an adult. The silk weave is initially of a creamish white color, but gradually becomes brown-gray owing to the activity of certain bacteria secreted in the silk. The silk weave is composed of fibers arranged in multiple layers with interposed surfaces occupying a considerable part of the area and containing pockets of bacteria. The spun silk contains both metallic and non-metallic elements, mostly K and Cl but also Mg, P, S, Ca, Ti and V. Shaped as a dome, the silk projects considerably beyond the cell proper, contributing importantly to its total volume and providing a shield for the contained pupa against predators, parasites, or extreme changes in temperature, as well as affording a 'sterile and clean room' in which the pupa can form its new cuticle without the interference of contaminating dust particles or the turbulence of air currents. The silk is endowed with electric properties. Inter alia, a thermoelectric phenomenon was observed in the dark, namely, upon increase in temperature the current rose to several hundred nano Amperes (nA); in light, a photovoltaic effect was observed involving voltages of several dozen millivolts (mV), with a sharp transition between the current and voltage during transition from darkness to light. Also recorded was a very high electric capacitance, amounting to scores of milli farads (mF). In all, the pupal silk behaves like an organic semiconductor, in that its electric properties are temperature-dependent, and it also displays ferroelectric properties. Additionally, a luminescence phenomenon was recorded on the silk, wherein excitation at wavelengths within the UV(i.e. 249, 290 and 312 nm) range yielded an emission spectrum at a wavelength of 450 and of 530 nm. The silk caps are anisotropic in that the emission from the outside is lower than that from the inside. By way of recap, the various mentioned properties of the pupal silk are discussed from their biological and physical aspects.