Current trends in perioperative pain management.

Wider use of optimized multimodal accelerated postoperative recovery programs require that anesthesiologists step out of traditional operating room anesthesia roles and even beyond current pain management consultant roles. Development of optimal postoperative recovery services requires close collaboration between anesthesiologists, surgeons, nurses, physical therapists, administrators, and others involved in the management of patients after surgery. Optimization of perioperative care is an ongoing process enhanced by clinical investigation; however, making significant improvements to clinical practice does not have to wait for additional research data, but should proceed now, with broader application of techniques known to enhance rehabilitation and recovery. Based on existing data, the challenges of developing perioperative recovery services seem likely to be rewarded with improved patient outcomes and reduced cost.