Comparative effect of the venoms of ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae).

The venoms of 12 Pachycondyla ant species, all generalist predators, were compared for their paralytic and lethal effects during prey capture of the cricket, Acheta domesticus. The observed values covered a wide range that seems surprising when considering the close phylogenetic relatedness of the species. Although employed for different purposes, these venoms had the same type of physiological effect. They caused a rapid, dose-dependent and reversible paralysis, followed by a second slow-acting paralysis which was permanent when complete and led to death in less than 4 days. This finding suggests the existence of similar toxins and of both neurotoxins and histolytic compounds as necrosis were often observed in dead animals. Comparisons based on the nesting habitats of the species highlighted significant differences in paralysis after 2 h and lethality with arboreal species' venoms more efficacious than those of ground-dwelling species, thanks to their higher potency and their rather fast-acting effect. Such a tendency may be considered as an adaptation to arboreal life as the possibilities of escape for the prey are more numerous than on the ground or in the leaf litter.