Advances in the systemic treatment of cancers in the elderly.

Cancer is a disease of the elderly. More than 50% of all cancers and deaths occur in people over 65 years. Older cancer patients are less likely to be referred to centers or to be given adequate chemotherapy. The elderly are under-represented in Phase I and II trials. Some of this hesitancy to give chemotherapy is related to the increased presence of co-morbid conditions in the elderly. Toxicity is another concern. This review summarizes data from literature on the effectiveness, outcome, and toxicity of chemotherapy in selected tumors. Information is presented on age related effects. In addition, a summary of new agents and biologics is presented that needs to be looked at for age related effects. Some comments are made on the pharmacokinetic impact of physiologic changes in the elderly on chemotherapy drugs. As the world's population ages, we need to include the elderly in trials to get data on age related effects. Most of the information presented shows that effective chemotherapy can be given safely to the elderly and the outcomes and toxicity are equivalent for many of the common solid tumors.