Linkage disequilibrium in isolated populations: Finland and a young sub-population of Kuusamo.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD), non-random association of alleles at closely linked chromosomal loci, has been used as a tool in the identification of disease alleles, and this has led to an improved understanding of pathology in many monogenic Mendelian human diseases. We are currently moving from the mapping and identification of monogenic disease loci to attempts at identifying loci involved in predisposition to multifactorial diseases. In the selection of ascertainment strategies in the studies of these complex diseases, the extent of background LD in different populations is an important consideration. Here, we compare the extent of LD among the alleles of linked loci in a randomly ascertained sample of individuals from the Finnish population and a set of individuals ascertained from the region of Kuusamo, a small sub-population, founded some 13 generations ago, which has experienced very little subsequent immigration. Thirty-three microsatellite loci were genotyped in chromosomal regions on 13q, 19q, 21q, Xq, and Xp. The genetic diversity of these loci was determined separately in the general Finnish sample and in the Kuusamo sample. The X-chromosomal loci are characterised by higher levels of LD in the samples from Kuusamo than in the much larger (and older) general population of Finland, whereas in alleles of autosomal loci very little LD was seen in either of these two samples.