Bismuth-coated carbon electrodes for anodic stripping voltammetry

Bismuth-coated carbon electrodes display an attractive stripping voltammetric performance which compares favorably with that of common mercury-film electrodes. These bismuth-film electrodes are prepared by adding 400 microg/L (ppb) bismuth(III) directly to the sample solution and simultanously depositing the bismuth and target metals on the glassy-carbon or carbon-fiber substrate. Stripping voltammetric measurements of microgram per liter levels of cadmium, lead, thallium, and zinc in nondeaerated solutions yielded well-defined peaks, along with a low background, following short deposition periods. Detection limit of 1.1 and 0.3 ppb lead are obtained following 2- and 10-min deposition, respectively. Changes in the peak potentials (compared to those observed at mercury electrodes) offer new selectivity dimensions. Scanning electron microscopy sheds useful insights into the different morphologies of the bismuth deposits on the carbon substrates. The in situ bismuth-plated electrodes exhibit a wide accessible potential window (-1.2 to -0.2 V) that permits quantitation of most metals measured at mercury electrodes (except of copper, antimony, and bismuth itself). Numerous key experimental variables have been characterized and optimized. High reproducibility was indicated from the relative standard deviations (2.4 and 4.4%) for 22 repetitive measurements of 80 microg/L cadmium and lead, respectively. Such an attractive use of "mercury-free", environmetally friendly electrodes (with a performance equivalent to that of mercury ones) offers great promise to centralized and decentralized testing of trace metals.