Anticonvulsants and breast feeding: a critical review.

Progress in the diagnosis and management of seizure disorders and the availability of effective anticonvulsive medications has enabled increasing numbers of epileptic women of child-bearing age to raise families. Breast feeding, which these women may wish to choose, provides health, nutritional, immunological, developmental, social, economic and environmental benefits. The traditional anticonvulsants, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproic acid (valproate sodium), are generally considered safe for use during breast feeding; however, observation for adverse effects is recommended. The use of phenobarbital while breast feeding is controversial because of its slow elimination by the nursing infant. The newer anticonvulsants, such as clobazam, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, tiagabine, topiramate, and vigabatrin, are used mainly as adjunctive therapy. Data on the use of these drugs in pregnancy and lactation, and regarding long term effects on cognition and behaviour, are sparse. Weighing the benefits of breast feeding against the potential risk to the nursing infant, breast feeding is considered to be safe when the mother is taking carbamazepine, valproic acid or phenytoin. Infant monitoring for potential adverse effects is advisable when the mother is taking phenobarbital, clobazam, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine or vigabatrin. Monitoring of infant serum drug concentrations is advisable but not compulsory. The use of felbamate, tiagabine and topiramate during breast feeding should await further study.