Perioperative pain management.

The management of perioperative pain starts with the use of approaches to minimize anxiety and distress before the procedure. The administration of analgesics or local anesthetics before the start of surgery reduces the nociceptive input occurring during the procedure and reduces the need for postoperative analgesics. As the animal recovers from anesthesia, it is important to administer analgesics to minimize the patient's experience of pain and to continue this therapy through at least the first 12 to 24 hours. Techniques that provide a continuous level of analgesia are more effective than those that allow the pain to return.