Benign prostatic hyperplasia: challenges for the new millennium.

The understanding and therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has become more complex recently. The molecular mechanisms and growth factors involved in BPH need to be elucidated in the new millennium. The current classification of disease reflects the varied pathophysiologic mechanisms causing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). In addition, symptom scores have improved evaluation of men with BPH, yet 'bother' and 'health-related quality of life' should be better recognized as significant outcome parameters. Clinical evaluation with laboratory markers specific for BPH or LUTS is currently inadequate. Yet, urodynamic evaluation should remain an important aspect of evaluation to guide selection of therapy. Recently medical therapy has expanded to include uroselective alpha blockade and phytotherapy, yet more research is needed. The most significant growth in the field, however, is in minimally invasive therapies of the prostate. Long-term comparative prospective multicenter studies are needed to properly evaluate the outcomes of new technologies compared to traditional procedures that are considered standard of care.