Cross-bridge action: present views, prospects, and unknowns.

When the sliding filament hypothesis was proposed in 1953-1954, existing evidence showed that (1) contributions to tension were given by active sites uniformly distributed within each zone of filament overlap and (2) each site functioned cyclically. These sites were identified by electron microscopy as cross-bridges between the two filaments, formed of the heads of myosin molecules projecting from a thick filament and attaching to a thin filament. The angle of these cross-bridges was found to be different at rest and in rigor, suggesting that the event causing relative motion of the filaments was a change of the angle of the cross-bridges. At first, it seemed likely that the whole cross-bridge rotated about its attachment to actin, but when the atomic structures of actin and myosin were obtained by X-ray crystallography, a possible hinge was found between the "catalytic domain" which attaches to the actin filament and the "light-chain domain" which appears to act as a lever arm. Two attitudes of the lever arm are now well established, the transition between them being driven by a conformational change coupled to some step in the hydrolysis of ATP, but several recent observations suggest that this is not the whole story: a third attitude has been shown by X-ray crystallography; a non-muscle myosin has been shown to produce its working stroke in two steps; and there are suggestions that an additional displacement of the filaments is produced by a change in the attitude of the catalytic domain on the thin filament.