Value of present diagnostic methods for gastrointestinal nematode infections in ruminants.

In this paper the different options for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode infections are discussed. Diagnostic tests have a role in confirming the clinical diagnosis of parasitic gastroenteritis, but are more important for herd health monitoring of nematode infections, in particular for cattle. Therefore, emphasis is placed on discussing the available diagnostic parameters on their usefulness for that purpose. For clinical diagnosis the clinical signs, combined with the history of the animals is usually sufficient and a laboratory confirmation is not required. Faecal egg counts are, with two exceptions, not suitable for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, because correlation between faecal egg counts and infection levels is usually low. These exceptions are the diagnosis of haemonchosis in small ruminants and the detection of anthelmintic resistance. This also limits the value of DNA-based tests of faecal material; even quantitative tests of nematode species specific DNA will have little value for diagnosis and monitoring. Pasture larval counts and worm counts are useful parameters for basic epidemiological studies on nematode infections. However, they are too laborious to be used for either routine diagnosis or monitoring. Blood parameters, such as gastrin and pepsinogen and serology are valuable tools for diagnosis. Pepsinogen and ELISAs based on recombinant proteins show most promise as parameters for herd health monitoring. However, extensive epidemiological studies are still needed before these parameters can be implemented in routine herd health monitoring schemes for parasitic gastroenteritis.