Recombinant P2Y receptors: the UCL experience.

The beginning of the last decade heralded three important and sequential developments in our understanding of cell-to-cell signalling by extracellular ATP via its cell surface receptors, the P2 purinoceptors. One major development in ATP signalling culminated in a timely review in 1991, when it was established in the clearest of terms that ATP receptors exploited discrete signal transduction pathways (Dubyak, G.R., 1991. Signal transduction by P2-purinergic receptors for extracellular ATP. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 4, 295-300; and later in Dubyak, G.R., El-Moatassim, C., 1993. Signal transduction via P2-purinergic receptors for extracellular ATP and other nucleotides. Am. J. Physiol. 265, C577-C606). Henceforth, it was universally acknowledged that some P2 purinoceptors interacted with heterotrimeric G-proteins to activate intracellular signalling cascades (metabotropic ATP receptors), whereas others contained intrinsic ion-channels (ionotropic ATP receptors). A second key development can be traced to 1992, from the discovery that ATP receptors were involved in excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS and PNS (Edwards, F.A., Gibb, A.J., Colquhoun, D., 1992. ATP receptor-mediated synaptic currents in the central nervous system. Nature 359, 144-147; Evans, R.J., Derkach, V., Surprenant, A., 1992. ATP mediates fast synaptic transmission in mammalian neurons. Nature 357, 503-505; Silinsky, E.M., Gerzanich, V., Vanner, S.M., 1992. ATP mediates excitatory synaptic transmission in mammalian neurones. Br. J. Pharmacol., 106, 762-763). Thereafter, it was accepted that ATP could play a neurotransmitter and/or modulatory role throughout the entire nervous system. The third key development stemmed from the isolation of a cDNA, from chick brain, encoding a metabotropic ATP receptor (Webb, T.E., Simon, J., Krishek, B.J., Bateson, A.N., Smart, T.G., King, B.F., Burnstock, G., Barnard, E.A., 1993. Cloning and functional expression of a brain G-protein-coupled ATP receptor. FEBS Lett. 324, 219-225). The cloning of a membrane protein serving as an ATP receptor ignited a widespread international interest in purinergic signalling. Investigators at University College London (UCL) - colleagues and associates of Geoffrey Burnstock - were at the forefront of this rapid phase of discovery. In this review, we highlight the UCL experience when the fields of molecular biology, physiology and cell biology converged to help advance our understanding of ATP as an extracellular signalling molecule.