Ex-vivo resection techniques in tissue-preserving surgery for liver malignancies.

Some primary and secondary liver tumours are not absolutely irresectable, but cannot be resected using a conventional approach because of the limited warm ischaemia tolerance of the liver or poor accessibility of the tumour region. In such situations, the techniques of ex vivo liver surgery, pioneered by Rudolf Pichlmayr some 10 years ago, offer new chances for R0 resection. All the three different approaches, namely "in situ"-, "ante situm"-, and "ex situ" resection, require the use of measures originally developed for transplantation, such as hypothermic liver perfusion and veno-venous bypass. They differ mainly in the extent to which major vessels are divided in order to achieve optimal mobility of the organ. The results show that radical resection can be achieved accomplished in many cases. If necessary, complex vascular reconstructions can be performed. Although perioperative morbidity and mortality are high, there are a number of long-term survivors. Tumour recurrence, however, remains the main problem over the long term. In conclusion, ex vivo liver surgery is an important extension of surgical treatment possibilities. However, the procedure is suitable only for a small number of carefully selected patients and should be reserved for use in specialised centres. Furthermore, in view of the fact that the results are not yet optimal, additive and adjuvant treatment modalities are needed.