Treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) has been increasing in incidence over the past 2 decades and may currently be the most common form of primary nephrotic syndrome in the United States. Nephrotic patients with FSGS who do not achieve a remission in proteinuria usually advance to end-stage renal disease within 5 to 10 years. Although initially felt to be a steroid-resistant disease, especially in adults, studies show significant responsiveness to more prolonged courses of steroids. For patients with steroid-resistant or steroid-dependent FSGS, cyclosporine A and cytotoxic agents have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Other agents used include pulse methylprednisolone, azathioprine, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and combination therapy. For recurrent FSGS after renal transplantation, plasmapheresis is often used but appears not to be as efficacious in adults as in the pediatric population.