Treatment of lupus nephritis.

Patients with lupus nephritis pose a therapeutic challenge and stimulate investigation of innovative treatment strategies. Although patient survival and renal function outcomes have improved over the last 4 decades, contemporary immunosuppressive regimens are not consistently effective and often require extended courses associated with insidious toxicities. Several strategies are under investigation to induce remissions more rapidly and to reduce the risk of long courses of cytotoxic drug therapy. The combination of pulse methylprednisolone and pulse cyclophosphamide may be more effective than pulse cyclophosphamide alone for patients with relatively severe proliferative lupus nephritis. Ongoing clinical studies evaluate the risk/benefit of other intensive induction regimens (eg, combination fludarabine with relatively low-dose pulse cyclophosphamide). A particularly vigorous strategy employs immunoablative cyclophosphamide with or without stem cell rescue. Several studies of sequential immunosuppressive therapy are in progress. It is anticipated that long-term toxicities can be lessened by substituting various maintenance agents (eg, azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil) after initial cyclophosphamide therapy has induced a renal response. Additional information is needed to determine the role of this strategy. Furthermore, a number of standard and experimental immunosuppressive regimens (that do not include cyclophosphamide) are under investigation as well. Innovative approaches (eg, costimulatory blockade) offer the hope of more effective treatments without the risks of contemporary regimens.