Hospital-acquired infections among chronic hemodialysis patients.

The epidemiological characteristics of nosocomial infections among patients requiring chronic hemodialysis, a high-risk and rapidly growing population, have not been fully elucidated. During a 30-month cohort study, rates of bloodstream infections (BSIs), urinary tract infections (UTIs), pneumonia, and diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile and the distribution of pathogens among hospitalized chronic hemodialysis patients were compared with hospitalized patients not requiring chronic hemodialysis. To identify risk factors for developing a nosocomial infection among chronic hemodialysis patients, a matched case-control study was performed. A total of 1,557 nosocomial infections were detected during 1,317 of 68,361 admissions (2%). Of these, 47 nosocomial infections occurred in chronic hemodialysis patients during 31 of 578 admissions (5%). Nosocomial infections were significantly more frequent among the chronic hemodialysis group (9.1/1,000 patient-days) compared with the non-chronic hemodialysis group (3. 8/1,000 patient-days; relative risk [RR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8 to 3.2; P < 0.001). UTIs were the most common nosocomial infections among chronic hemodialysis patients, accounting for 47% of all infections in this population. UTIs were significantly more common among chronic hemodialysis patients (4.2/1, 000 patient-days) compared with non-chronic hemodialysis patients (0.7/1,000 patient-days; RR, 6.2; 95% CI, 3.8 to 9.5; P < 0.001). Among chronic hemodialysis patients, Candida spp and enterococci were the most common pathogens in contrast to coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus among patients not requiring hemodialysis. Using conditional logistic regression, a greater index of comorbidity was significantly associated with nosocomial infections among the chronic hemodialysis population (odds ratio, 3. 6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 10.7; P = 0.02). Chronic hemodialysis patients are at a substantially greater risk for developing a nosocomial infection compared with other hospitalized patients.