Differential adaptation of growth and differentiation factor 8/myostatin, fibroblast growth factor 6 and leukemia inhibitory factor in overloaded, regenerating and denervated rat muscles.

Mice genetically deficient in growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8/myostatin) had markedly increased muscle fiber numbers and fiber hypertrophy. In the regenerating muscle of mice possessing FGF6 mutation, fiber remodeling was delayed. Although myostatin and FGF6 may be important for the maintenance, regeneration and/or hypertrophy of muscle, little work has been done on the possible role of these proteins in adult muscle in vivo. Using Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis, we investigated, in rats, the distribution of myostatin, FGF6 and LIF proteins between slow- and fast-type muscles, and the adaptive response of these proteins in mechanically overloaded muscles, in regenerating muscles following bupivacaine injection and in denervated muscles after section of the sciatic nerve. The amounts of myostatin and LIF protein were markedly greater in normal slow-type muscles. In the soleus muscle, myostatin and LIF proteins were detected at the site of the myonucleus in both slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers. In contrast, FGF6 protein was selectively expressed in normal fast-type muscles. Mechanical overloading rapidly enhanced the myostatin and LIF but not FGF6 protein level. In the regenerating muscles, marked diminution of myostatin and FGF6 was observed besides enhancement of LIF. Denervation of fast-type muscles rapidly increased the LIF, but decreased the FGF6 expression. Therefore, the increased expressions of myostatin and LIF play an important role in muscle hypertrophy following mechanical overloading. The marked reduction of FGF6 in the hypertrophied and regenerating muscle would imply that FGF6 regulates muscle differentiation but not proliferation of satellite cells and/or myoblasts.