International transmission of tele-ophthalmology images.

Tele-ophthalmic consultations were conducted between a hospital in East Java, Indonesia, and an ophthalmology centre in Perth, Western Australia. Twenty-two eyes of 14 subjects were screened for glaucoma using a hand-held fundus camera. Optic disc images comprised 267 x 234 pixels at 24 bit/pixel (187 kByte). The images were compressed and stored together with patient information on a laptop computer. The images were then transmitted to Perth using either a mobile phone or a satellite phone, taking 170 s or 240 s, respectively. Images were also compressed to five different compression levels before transmission. At a compression ratio of 1:5, the images were 36 kByte in size and took 29 s to transmit by mobile phone and 60 s by satellite phone. To measure the loss of quality, the root mean square error was calculated for each colour component, comparing the transmitted and original images. The coefficients of variation were 10% (green), 15% (blue) and 22% (red). The images received in Perth were considered to be of excellent quality and readily interpreted by ophthalmologists in terms of the likely presence of glaucoma.