Holistic interventions for acute pain episodes: an integrative review.

Pain is a universal experience that lends itself to nursing interventions based on a holistic approach. Pain is a dynamic process, and relaxation techniques are based on the recognition of the interaction between the physiological and psychological components of the human body. Although acute episodes of pain are found in all areas of nursing practice, limited research using relaxation techniques as supplements to pharmacologic intervention has been reported. This article reviews six research studies that have implications for holistic interventions in nursing practice. Theoretical bases, findings, and discussion of relevance for holistic nursing practice are presented as well as recommendations for future research in the area of relaxation technique use during episodes of acute pain.