Mechanisms of lysolipid phosphate effects on cellular survival and proliferation.

The specificity of cellular effects of lysolipid phosphate (LLP) growth factors is determined by binding to endothelial differentiation gene-encoded G protein-coupled receptors (EDG Rs), which transduce diverse proliferative and effector signals. The primary determinants of cellular responses to LLPs are the generative and biodegradative events, which establish steady-state concentrations of each LLP at cell surfaces, and the relative frequency of expression of each EDG R. There are major differences among types of cells in the net effective generation of the LLPs, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), and in their profile of expression of EDG Rs. The less well characterized secondary determinants of cellular specificity of LLPs are high-affinity binding proteins with carrier and cell-presentation functions, cell-selective regulators of expression of EDG Rs, and cellular factors that govern coupling of EDG Rs to G protein transductional pathways. The roles of components of the LLP-EDG R system in normal physiology and disease processes will be definitively elucidated only after development of animal models with biologically meaningful alterations in genes encoding EDG Rs and the discovery of potent and selective pharmacological probes.