Modification of plasma membrane lipid order and H+-ATPase activity as part of the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to cultivation under mild and high copper stress.

Plasma membrane lipid disorganization takes place in cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown under copper stress, as shown by fluorescence anisotropy measurements with the lipid reporter probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. The extent of plasma membrane disorganization, presumably due to copper-induced lipid peroxidation, was discontinuous when measured in cells grown in media supplemented with different concentrations of CuSO4. Results suggested the existence of adaptive mechanisms that cells employ to protect themselves against the deleterious effects of copper. The adaptive mechanisms examined in this study included the coordinate increase in the activities of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (up to five-fold), glutathione reductase (up to 1.7-fold), and plasma membrane H+-ATPase (up to three-fold). These enzyme activities showed maximal levels in cells grown with copper supplied at intermediate concentrations, within the range that allowed growth. Significantly, at these concentrations, plasma membrane disorganization did not increase when increasing amounts of CuSO4 were supplied. However, at copper concentrations close to the maximal that allowed growth, the capacity of the yeast cell response to cope with the deleterious effects of copper was exceeded; plasma membrane lipid organization and plasma-membrane-bound H+-ATPase activity drastically declined in response to the increased levels of copper stress and the consequences on growth kinetics were even more severe. Our results clearly suggest that modification of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity is either part of or the result of the global response of yeast to mild or high copper stress.