Case management: the current best practices and the next generation of innovation.

Eight published literature reviews of case management were evaluated to determine areas of consensus regarding outcomes associated with full service, broker, and hybrid models. Full service was recommended for "best practice" status and the effectiveness of the broker model was seriously questioned. Research evaluating para-professional and peer assisted models of case management, a potential method for improving outcomes, was also reviewed. One promising peer-assisted model was identified and described. Although the use of paraprofessionals and peers in case management holds promise, much more research is needed before the effectiveness of this approach can be confidently determined.