Dopamine-independent action of cocaine on striatal and accumbal neurons.

Increasing evidence suggests that dopamine (DA) mechanisms alone cannot fully explain the psychoemotional and behavioural effects of cocaine, including its ability to induce drug-taking behaviour. Although it is known that cocaine, after intravenous administration or smoking, may reach brain levels high enough to inhibit Na+ transport, the role of this action remains unclear. To examine the contribution of local anaesthetic and DA mechanisms to changes in striatal and accumbal neuronal activity induced by cocaine, single-unit recording was combined with iontophoresis in awake, unrestrained rats. Most spontaneously active and glutamate-stimulated neurons were highly sensitive to brief cocaine applications (0-40 nA); cocaine-induced inhibitions occurred at small ejection currents (0-5 nA), were dose-dependent, highly stable during repeated applications and strongly dependent on basal activity rates. These neuronal responses remained almost unchanged after systemic administration of either a selective D1 antagonist (SCH-23390, 0.2 mg/kg) or a combination of SCH-23390 (1 mg/kg) and eticlopride (1 mg/kg), a D2 antagonist. Whereas SCH-23390 alone had a weak attenuating effect, no effect and even a slight enhancement of responses to cocaine occurred in fast-firing glutamate (GLU)-stimulated units after the combined blockade of D1 and D2 receptors. Responses to cocaine were mimicked by iontophoretic procaine (0-40 nA), a short-acting local anaesthetic with minimal effect on DA uptake. Procaine-induced inhibitions occurred at the same low currents, had a similar time-course, and were also strongly dependent on basal discharge rate. Our data support the existence of a DA-independent mechanism for the action of cocaine involving a direct interaction with Na+ channels. Although further studies are required to clarify this mechanism and its interaction with other pharmacological and behavioural variables, a direct interaction with Na+ channels may contribute to changes in neuronal activity induced by self-injected cocaine, thereby playing a role in mediating the psychoemotional and behavioural effects of this drug.