The discovery of the division apparatus of plastids and mitochondria.

Mitochondria and plastids contain distinct genomes and multiply by binary division of existing organelles. Mitochondrial and plastid division can be clearly separated into two main events: division of the organelle nuclei (nucleoids), and subsequent division of the rest of the organelles, the process of organellokinesis. Organellokinesis makes use of organelle dividing apparatuses such as plastid-dividing ring (PD ring) and mitochondrion-dividing ring (MD ring). The plastid-dividing apparatus (PD apparatus) is composed of three electron-dense rings (the outer, middle and inner), while the mitochondrion-dividing apparatus (MD apparatus) is a pair of electron-dense rings in cytoplasm and inner ring in the mitochondrial matrix. The behaviour of both the PD and MD apparatuses throughout organelle division in Cyanidioschyzon merolae has been studied in detail by electron microscopy. When cells enter mitosis, the inner PD ring forms first, followed by the outer and middle rings and finally the MD rings. The PD rings begin to contract before the MD rings. However, the MD rings start to contract at about 4 times the speed of the PD rings and catch up to the PD rings. The cross-sectional areas of both the outer PD and MD rings increase as contraction in the plane of division progress. This suggests that the outer rings of organelle dividing apparatuses (OD apparatus) provide the motive force for contraction. FtsZ protein is located on the bacterial contractile ring at the equator of dividing bacteria, and controls bacterial division. Since FtsZ contains a tubulin motif, and host eukaryotic organisms and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria, there is debate whether that tubulins found in the cytoskeleton and the inner or outer PD ring evolved from FtsZ protein during eukaryogenesis.