Antecedents and correlates of visual detection and awareness in macaque prefrontal cortex.

We have investigated the neural basis of visual detection in monkeys trained to report the presence or absence of a visual stimulus that was rendered intermittently detectable by backward masking. Neurons were recorded in the frontal eye field (FEF), an area located in prefrontal cortex that is involved in converting the outcome of visual processing into a command to shift gaze. The behavioral and neuronal data were analyzed in terms of signal detection theory. We found that the initial visual responses in FEF provided signals that could form the basis for correct or erroneous detection of the target. A later phase of prolonged elevated activity occurred in many visual neurons and all movement neurons that was highly correlated with the monkey's report of target presence. When observed in movement cells that project to oculomotor structures, this period of activation is interpreted as a motor command leading to the behavioral response. When observed in visual cells that do not project to oculomotor structures, the later period of activation does not admit to the motor command interpretation. Because the visual neurons likely contribute to the feedback pathway to visual cortical areas, we hypothesize that the later selective activation in the prefrontal visual neurons interacts with ongoing activity in visual cortical areas contributing to the process by which a particular sensory representation receives enhanced activation and thereby engages attention and awareness.