Role of diet in the therapy of urolithiasis.

The data reviewed in this paper indicate that there is compelling direct and indirect evidence that certain dietary modifications can limit the risk for stone formation. Fluid therapy should be a front-line approach for all stone formers, because it is safe, cheap, and effective. Restricting sodium and animal-protein consumption produces changes in the urinary environment that should benefit the majority of stone formers, including a decrease in calcium and increase in citrate excretion. Minimizing the intake of processed goods limits sodium gluttony. These dietary modifications also reduce cardiovascular risks. Indiscriminant calcium restriction should be avoided, because it could accelerate stone formation and violate skeletal integrity. Oxalate restriction should be considered for calcium oxalate stone formers, especially those with hyperoxaluria. Specific recommendations for modifying the consumption of other nutrients cannot be made at this time because of the limited available information about the resultant effects. The aforementioned goals can be achieved within the context of a nutritionally balanced diet providing adequate sources of fruits and vegetables. There is a definite need for better designed studies of the nutritional effects on stone disease. This would promote a better understanding of the interplay between the genetic and environmental components of this disorder.