The diagnosis of urinary incontinence and abnormal urination in dogs and cats.

No single technique allows one to diagnose all causes of urinary incontinence and abnormal increased frequency of urination. Cystography is indicated for cases of abnormal urinary bladder position, size, or shape. Ultrasonography is best for mass effects, calculi, and extrinsic nonskeletal abnormalities. The combined cystography and excretory urography technique is recommended for diagnosing ectopic ureteral insertions. Computerized tomography and MR imaging are indicated when the techniques described previously fail to elucidate the problem sufficiently, but these methods are usually not selected as primary diagnostic techniques.