Searching for the closest living relative(s) of tetrapods through evolutionary analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear data.

The phylogenetic relationships of the African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi) and the coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) with respect to tetrapods were analyzed using complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequences. A lungfish + coelancanth clade was favored by maximum parsimony (although this result is dependent on which transition:transversion weights are applied), and a lungfish + tetrapod clade was supported by neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood analyses. These two hypotheses received the strongest statistical and bootstrap support to the exclusion of the third alternative, the coelacanth + tetrapod sister group relationship. All mitochondrial protein coding genes combined favor a lungfish + tetrapod grouping. We can confidently reject the hypothesis that the coelacanth is the closest living relative of tetrapods. When the complete mitochondrial sequence data were combined with nuclear 28S rRNA gene data, a lungfish + coelacanth clade was supported by maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood, but a lungfish + tetrapod clade was favored by neighbor-joining. The seeming conflicting results based on different data sets and phylogenetic methods were typically not statistically strongly supported based on Kishino-Hasegawa and Templeton tests, although they were often supported by strong bootstrap values. Differences in rate of evolution of the different mitochondrial genes (slowly evolving genes such as the cytochrome oxidase and tRNA genes favored a lungfish + coelacanth clade, whereas genes of relatively faster substitution rate, such as several NADH dehydrogenase genes, supported a lungfish + tetrapod grouping), as well as the rapid radiation of the lineages back in the Devonian, rather than base compositional biases among taxa seem to be directly responsible for the remaining uncertainty in accepting one of the two alternate hypotheses.