The use of molecular diagnostics in bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer is a common disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in the United States. Early detection and routine surveillance are recommended in the management of this chronic and recurrent disease. Cystoscopic examination has been used for detection and follow-up; however, it is costly and is associated with patient discomfort. With advances in molecular biology and biochemistry, many diagnostic assays have been developed to supplement cystoscopy. The mechanisms and variable results of these assays are described. In addition, the economic and social implications of bladder cancer detection and surveillance are discussed.