Biomarkers in earthworms.

Earthworms are believed to be so-called key species within ecosystems and are often exposed to a wide range of anthropogenic compounds released to the terrestrial environment. As a consequence, they may suffer from the toxicity of these compounds. For these and other reasons, earthworms have been used extensively in ecotoxicological studies. In recent years the use of other biological responses (biomarkers) to estimate either exposure or resultant effects of chemicals has received increased attention. Biomarkers address the question of bioavailability by only responding to the bioactive fraction. They may incorporate effects following exposure to a mixture of chemicals. Biomarkers may also reduce extrapolation of results from the laboratory to the field, as they may be applicable under both conditions. The present review has drawn together current knowledge on potential biomarkers in earthworms and appraised them in relation to basic requirements needed for supplying information relevant to devising satisfactory risk assessment. A wide range of potential biomarkers have been measured in earthworms, including DNA alteration, induction of metal-binding proteins (MTs and MBP), depression of ChE activity and other enzymatic responses, energy reserve responses, responses in neural impulse conductivity, lysosomal membrane stability, immunological responses, changes in sperm numbers, histopathological changes, and behavioral changes. Both organic and inorganic compounds have been included; however, for each biomarker the main emphasis historically has been placed on only a few chemicals. Dose-response relationships were in some cases observed. Little information is available on the linkage of the biomarker response to effects at population or community levels. The influence of other factors, biotic and abiotic, on the biomarker responses and their temporal duration have been only sporadically reported.