Methods for exposure of laboratory animals to ultraviolet radiation.

Two different sources of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, an electronically controlled UVB exposure unit, containing FS40 tubes, and a hand-held Kromayer lamp, were evaluated for actual irradiance in W/m2 and spectra (physical dosimetry and biological dosimetry (skin effects in rodents)). The technical studies of the FS40 sources demonstrated that the flux intensity of the lamps could be changed electronically, without affecting the spectrum. Thus it was possible to standardize UVB exposure electronically. The biologically effective doses of these sources were analysed in RIV-Tox Wistar rats and BALB/c mice. After low doses of UVB radiation, histopathological changes such as acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and dermal inflammation were observed in the skin without the presence of major side effects such as erythema and oedema. After higher doses of UVB radiation erythema and oedema were clearly visible. Quantitative studies showed that the minimal erythema dose, as a biological parameter, correlated well to the emission in J/m2. In addition, biological parameters such as acanthosis and inflammation in the skin correlated well to the actual exposure in J/m2 and were sensitive biomarkers for UVB-induced skin toxicity. Thus, in addition to minimal erythemal doses, acanthosis and inflammation may also be applied as biologically relevant doses for studies of the biological effects of UVB radiation.