Recent advances in the understanding and management of primary vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy.

Vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy continue to be active areas of clinical investigation. There is conclusive evidence that vesicoureteral reflux is inherited. Prenatal diagnosis offers the opportunity for early recognition and intervention that may reduce the incidence of complications of vesicoureteral reflux such as pyelonephritis episodes and the development of reflux nephropathy.