Impairment with various antioxidants of the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and of the cytosolic release of cytochrome c occuring during 7-ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis.

Previous investigations of our laboratory have shown that 7-ketocholesterol was a potent inducer of apoptosis involving a release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, and a lipid peroxidation process that could be the consequence of a production of radical oxygen species. According to these considerations, we asked whether some antioxidants were able to counteract 7-ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis, and whether prevention of cell death was associated with the impairment of mitochondrial events implied in the commitment to apoptosis, i.e., opening of the mitochondrial megachannels leading to the loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim), and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol. To this end, we studied the effects of glutathione (15 mM), N-acetylcysteine (15 mM), vitamin E (100 microM), vitamin C (50 microM) and melatonin (1 mM) on U937 cells treated with 7-ketocholesterol (40 microg/ml). Only glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, and vitamin E prevented apoptosis measured by the occurrence of cells with condensed and/or fragmented nuclei, as well as the loss of DeltaPsim, and the release of cytochrome c. However, all the antioxidants used were potent inhibitors of the production of O(2)(*) occuring under treatment with 7-ketocholesterol. Collectively, our data demonstrate that impairment of apoptosis by glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, and vitamin E correlates with the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunctions, and they underline that the ability of antioxidants to counteract 7-ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis does not only depend on their capability to inhibit the production of O(2)(*).