Gender and racial correlates of personal control among emotionally disturbed older adults.

Black and white community-dwelling women and men over sixty-five years of age, all of whom had been referred for psychotherapy, were interviewed to determine their perceived control (internal vs. external) over the causes and solutions to their problems. Personal control orientations were found to vary both by race and by gender. Men perceived themselves as having more control over causes than did women, but women perceived themselves as having more control over solutions than did men. Blacks perceived themselves as more responsible both for causes and solutions than did whites. Of the four groups studied, white females saw themselves as having the least control over the causes of their problems, but those perceiving higher levels of control over causes were most depressed. White males saw themselves as having the least control over solutions, but those with higher levels of perceived control had lower levels of depressive symptomatology.