Caspases and neurodegeneration: on the cutting edge of new therapeutic approaches.

Unregulated apoptosis underlies many pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focus on the role of cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspase) activity in Huntington disease (HD) and Alzheimer disease (AD) as two representative neurodegenerative disorders that normally manifest in mid- to late-life. Caspases appear to be involved in the molecular pathology of HD by directly cleaving huntingtin and generating toxic protein fragments containing the polyglutamine tract, and by being recruited and activated by polyglutamine-containing aggregates composed mainly of truncated huntingtin fragments. Several proteins involved in AD, including beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins (PSs), are also cleaved by caspases. For APP, caspase cleavage may contribute to toxicity by generating toxic fragments or by shifting APP processing toward an amyloidogenic pathway. For PSs, caspase cleavage disables antiapoptotic functions attributed to PS C-terminal fragments. These observations suggest that caspases actively contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of these diseases and support the development of caspase inhibitors as potential therapeutic approaches for chronic neurodegenerative disorders.