Adrenal cancer.

Adrenal cancer is a rare neoplasm. Up to 1 in 1500 adrenal incidentalomas, however, may hide a carcinoma, which, if diagnosed late or left untreated, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in adrenal carcinogenesis and significant improvements in diagnostic imaging, efforts to cure advanced adrenal cancer remain largely unsuccessful. This article reviews the recent advances in molecular understanding, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of adrenal cancer.