Absorption of ferulic acid from low-alcohol beer.

Flavonoids and monophenolic compounds have been well-described over recent years for their properties as antioxidants and scavengers of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. A number of epidemiological studies implicate a role for flavonoids in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. In particular, the focus has been on flavonol-rich fruit and vegetables and flavonoid-rich beverages, especially tea and red wine. Mechanisms of protection are unclear since the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of dietary phenolics have not yet been extensively investigated. Here we report the bioavailability of ferulic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-cinnamic acid, the major hydroxycinnamate in beer. Studies of the pharmacokinetics of urinary excretion of ferulic acid from low alcohol beer consumption in humans have been undertaken. The results show that ferulic acid is absorbed with a peak time for maximal excretion of ca. 8 h and the mean cumulative amount excreted is 5.8 +/- 3.2 mg. These findings are consistent with the uptake of ferulic acid from dietary sources, such as tomatoes, and suggest that ferulic acid is more bioavailable than individual dietary flavonoids and phenolics so far studied.