Large induction of the chemotactic cytokine RANTES during cutaneous wound repair: a regulatory role for nitric oxide in keratinocyte-derived RANTES expression.

We investigated the role of NO on expressional regulation of the chemotactic cytokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) during tissue regeneration using an excisional wound-healing model in mice. Wound repair was characterized by a large and sustained induction of RANTES expression, and inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) during repair only slightly decreased RANTES expression levels. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed keratinocytes of the wound margins and the hyperproliferative epithelium to be the main RANTES-expressing cell type within the wound. Therefore we analysed the regulation of RANTES expression in vitro in cultured human keratinocytes of the cell line HaCaT. Here we demonstrate that NO very efficiently suppressed interleukin-1beta- and tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha-induced RANTES expression in keratinocytes. Furthermore, down-regulation of cytokine-induced RANTES mRNA in keratinocytes was dependent on endogenously produced NO, as inhibition of the co-induced iNOS by L-N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine increased cytokine-triggered RANTES expression in the cells. Moreover, we observed strongest RANTES-immunopositive labelling in epithelial areas which were characterized by a NO-mediated low cellularity. Thus our data implicate NO as a negative regulator of RANTES expression during wound repair in vivo, as decreased numbers of keratinocytes observed in the absence of wound-derived NO might compensate for the high levels of RANTES expression which are associated with normal repair.