Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and TNF receptors in viral pathogenesis.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF receptors (TNFR) are members of the growing TNF ligand and receptor families that are involved in immune regulation. The present report will focus on the role of the prototypic ligand TNF and its two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, in viral pathogenesis. Although TNF was reported years ago to modulate viral infections, recent findings on the molecular pathways involved in TNFR signaling have allowed a better understanding of the molecular interactions between cellular and viral factors within the infected cell. The interactions of viral proteins with intracellular components downstream of the TNFR have highlighted at the molecular level how viruses can manipulate the cellular machinery to escape the immune response and to favor the spread of the infection. We will review here the role of TNF and TNFR in immune response and the role of TNF and TNFR signaling in viral pathogenesis.