The community-directed, ivermectin-treatment programme for onchocerciasis control in Uganda--an evaluative study (1993-1997).

The first 5 years of a community-directed, ivermectin-treatment programme, to control onchocerciasis in 1805 endemic communities in 10 districts in Uganda, are evaluated. Each year, the desired treatment coverage of the population eligible to take invermectin (90%) was achieved in 42.6%-51% of the 1713 communities for which complete data were available; 67%-74.8% achieved 80% coverage. The annual cost per person treated with ivermectin (ACPTI) was much higher in the districts with small populations to be treated (< 15,000) than in those with large populations (> 40,000) (U.S.$0.40 v. U.S.$0.10 or less). The community members' acceptance of the programme was related to their attendance at health-education sessions (P = 0.009), and their participation in the mobilisation of other community members increased greatly when they were allowed to take part in the selection of the community-based distributors (CBD) and the choice of treatment sites. The overall target ratio of one CBD/71 families was attained by 1997. However, the failure of some trained CBD to participate in the treatment exercise prevented some communities achieving 90% treatment coverage. Providing CBD with cash incentives or externally derived incentives 'in kind' proved counter-productive whereas locally generated incentives 'in kind' were simply regarded as the normal obligations of the community. District health staff successfully integrated the programme with their other health commitments, but the involvement of CBD in other programmes proved detrimental to their performance. Other constraints identified were rebel insurgency in some areas, and abnormally heavy rains in hilly areas with poor roads.