The transmission/disequilibrium test and parental-genotype reconstruction for X-chromosomal markers.

Family-based association methods have recently been introduced that allow testing for linkage in the presence of linkage disequilibrium between a marker and a disease even if there is only incomplete parental-marker information. No such tests are currently available for X-linked markers. This report fills this methodological gap by presenting the X-linked sibling transmission/disequilibrium test (XS-TDT) and the X-linked reconstruction-combination transmission/disequilibrium test (XRC-TDT). As do their autosomal counterparts (S-TDT and RC-TDT), these tests make no assumption about the mode of inheritance of the disease and the ascertainment of the sample. They protect against spurious association due to population stratification. The two tests were compared by simulations, which show that (1) the X-linked RC-TDT is, in general, considerably more powerful than the X-linked S-TDT and (2) the lack of parental-genotype information can be offset by the typing of a sufficient number of sibling controls. A freely available SAS implementation of these tests allows the calculation of exact P values.