Antioxidant activities of carotenoids: quantitative relationships between theoretical calculations and experimental literature data.

Quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) are described for the antioxidant activity of series of all-trans carotenoids. The antioxidant activity of the carotenoids is characterised by literature data for (i) their relative ability to scavenge the ABTS*+ radical cation, reflected by the so-called trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value, (ii) their relative rate of oxidation by a range of free radicals, or (iii) their capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation in multilamellar liposomes, leading to a decrease in formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). All these antioxidant values for radical scavenging action correlate quantitatively with computer-calculated ionisation potentials of the carotenoids. These correlations are observed both when the ionisation potential is calculated as the negative of the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (-E(HOMO)) of the molecule, or as the relative change in heat of formation (deltadeltaHF) upon the one-electron oxidation of the carotenoids. The calculations provide a theoretical assay able to characterise the intrinsic electron donating capacity of an antioxidant, in hydrophilic, hydrophobic or artificial membrane environment.