Energy metabolism of eucalyptus-boring beetles at rest and during locomotion: gender makes a difference.

We studied metabolic rates during rest, maximal running exercise and tethered flight in the long-horned eucalyptus-boring beetles Phoracantha recurva and P. semipunctata. Simultaneous measurement of rates of O(2) consumption ( vdot (O2)) and CO(2) production ( vdot (CO2)) indicated that vdot (CO2) closely approximated vdot (O2) and hence was a good index of aerobic metabolic rate. The resting metabolic rate (RMR), peak vdot (CO2) during running-wheel locomotion (MR(run)) and factorial scope during running (MR(run)/RMR) are similar to published values for several other insect taxa. MR(run) was repeatable for most test groups over intervals of 48-96 h. Studies of P. semipunctata show that MR(run) is relatively insensitive to changes in ambient temperature (T(a)) between 20 and 30 degrees C, whereas resting metabolic rate increases with T(a) with a normal Q(10) (2.4). Consequently, factorial scope declines at the higher T(a): mean factorial scopes for male and female P. semipunctata are 17.7 and 13.6 at 20 degrees C versus 8.9 and 5.5 at 30 degrees C, respectively. Flight activity requires a considerably greater metabolic rate than terrestrial activity: at T(a) values of 20-30 degrees C, the mean factorial scope for flight activity of male P. semipunctata is 72 (range 36-110). Nevertheless, our measurements of flight metabolic rate in Phoracantha spp. are considerably lower than predicted from allometric equations for other insects. Our most interesting finding was that males of both species had a substantially and significantly higher MR(run) and aerobic scope than females. The gender differences in MR(run) are consistent with differences in activity levels of males and females during mate-seeking behavior.