Research directions for case management.

Case management is a worldwide phenomenon and depending on the particular country's organizational framework of the health and social system, many models have been developed. The definitions of case management vary, but all of the models being developed aim to provide holistic quality care that is cost-effective. Reviewing the various components of case management is important because they contribute to the success or failure of providing quality, cost-effective care. The geographical setting where case managers work (i.e., hospitals or community/home), and the level of fiscal authority given to the case managers are two important components of case management models. Whether there is a conflict between case managers acting as advocates of clients while at the same time being the gatekeeper of funds is an area that needs exploration. The question is can the two notions be "married" as opposed to being inherently conflicting, and can case managers act in the best interests of the clients. There are many research directions for case management, including which aspects of the model ultimately have positive results for the client and health and social system.