Erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease.

Patients with cardiovascular disease are at increased risk of developing erectile dysfunction (ED). This may be a consequence of atherosclerosis of the penile arteries, a reduced cardiac output, or a side-effect of drugs used to reduce cardiovascular risk factors (particularly beta-blockers, thiazide diuretics and, occasionally, lipid-lowering drugs). ED is a distressing condition, which often diminishes the patient's self-esteem, with the potential for damage to his psychological health and his relationship with his partner and family. When treating ED, the underlying aetiology should be established by careful examination and consideration of medical history and concurrent medication. Until recently, pharmacological treatment options involved intracavernous injections (alprostadil or moxisylyte) or intraurethral alprostadil. These treatments are often inconvenient and not well accepted by the patient. The recent introduction of oral sildenafil promises to revolutionise the treatment of ED. In double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in patients with ED, sildenafil improved erectile function and quality of life and was well tolerated. ED is a clinically important complication of cardiovascular disease and should be asked about and treated accordingly. It is important that effective treatments, including sildenafil, should be available for treating patients with cardiovascular disease and ED.